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Hardware MAC
(old cards)
Managed Mode
Software MAC
(new cards)
Managed Mode
Any Card
Monitor Mode
From Air to PC
From PC to Air
Air/Physical
Firmware
Driver
OS TCP/IP Stack
Application
Data
TCP/IP
header
802.11
header
Data
TCP/IP
header
802.11
header
802.3
header
Data
TCP/IP
header
802.11
header
802.3
header
radiotap
header
Ether
sniff/inject
Ether
sniff/inject